Recall that frequency modulation (FM) is the process in which the frequency of one signal is controlled by the magnitude of […]

A phase-locked loop (PLL) is a set of components that, through the use of feedback, generate a signal whose frequency tracks

As is the’ case in a reverse-biased diode, the current through the collector-base junction of it transistor may increase suddenly if

A transconductance amplifier is basically a voltage-controlled current source. As shown in Figure 15-28. the amplifier typically has a differential input

In our introduction to the theory of transistor operation wc showed a bias circuit (Figure 4…4..) in which the base was

INTRODUCTION The workhorse of modern electronic circuits, both discrete and integrated, is the transistor. The importance of this versatile device stems

Discrete diodes-those packaged in individual cases with externally accessible anode and cathode connections-arc commercially available in a wide range of types designed

A logarithmic (log) amplifier produces an output that is proportional to the logarithm of its input. Since the log function is

As we indicated in Section 3-5, a diode is said to operate under large-signal conditions when the current and voltage changes

Clamping circuits are used to shift an ac waveform up or down by adding a de level equal to the positive